A Promise from the Founders - National Archives Foundation (2024)

A Promise from the Founders

The United States is a republic, as stated by article 4, section 2 of the U.S. Constitution:

The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a Republican Form of Government, and shall protect each of them against Invasion; and on Application of the Legislature, or of the Executive (when the Legislature cannot be convened) against domestic Violence.

This article is called the “guarantee clause” because it promises that the government of this country will always be a republic, elected by popular sovereignty and maintained by majority control. The core of popular sovereignty is free and fair elections, and the peaceful transition of power; this was begun by George Washington when he stepped down from the presidency after two terms in 1796, establishing an unwritten precedent that has been honored to this day.
During the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia between May and September 1787, the delegates argued long and hard about what form of government the new nation should take. The Articles of Confederation that had governed the United States after the Revolutionary War ended had created a very weak central government that had no power to manage trade, print a single currency, or pass or enforce laws that all the states would universally agree to. The result was a nation on the verge of collapse.
Despite our thoughts of them as stalwart champions of democracy, the Founding Fathers were an elite class—they feared mob rule and debated vigorously about how the new government should be structured. Most of them were utterly opposed to a direct democracy, in which the electorate determines policy themselves instead of having representatives (presumably wiser and better informed than they) do it for them. Our Founding Fathers, decidedly did not trust the masses to make the decisions that would steer the ship of state.

That said, as we discussed in last week’s newsletter, they also eventually decided they didn’t want a hereditary monarchy in the United States, either. Thus, the notion of a representative democracy emerged as the best option for the new nation.
James Madison wrote in Federalist No. 39,

[W]e may define a republic to be, or at least may bestow that name on, a government which derives all its powers directly or indirectly from the great body of the people, and is administered by persons holding their offices during pleasure, for a limited period, or during good behavior. It is ESSENTIAL to such a government that it be derived from the great body of the society, not from an inconsiderable proportion, or a favored class of it; . . . It is SUFFICIENT for such a government that the persons administering it be appointed, either directly or indirectly, by the people; and that they hold their appointments by either of the tenures just specified. . . .

Explaining his stance to Gouverneur Morris, another participant in the Convention who wrote the Preamble to the Constitution, Alexander Hamilton stated, “But a representative democracy, where the right of election is well secured and regulated & the exercise of the legislative, executive and judiciary authorities, is vested in select persons, chosen really and not nominally by the people, will in my opinion be most likely to be happy, regular and durable.”

As time passed, “the people” have become more involved in our democracy. As the Constitution was originally written, the number of members of the House of Representatives was determined by the population of the states, while each state had the same number of senators, two, and they were chosen by the state legislatures. This proved problematic, however, when politicization of state legislatures resulted in empty seats because the legislators could not decide on who to send to the Senate. The 17th amendment to the Constitution, passed by Congress on May 13, 1912 and ratified on April 8, 1913, authorized voters of individual states to directly elect their senators to Congress.